So, this Tuesday, I was back at work after the long Memorial Day weekend, just going through my regular routine, adding site data to an Excel table. I had 30 minutes until lunch and was taking it easy. Then the owner of the company walked in.
"You don't have any field gear with you, do you? Probably not. I really should have told you..."
I opened my desk drawer to reveal my yellow reflective vest (with pencil, Sharpie, toilet paper and compass already in the pockets) and a ball cap, and admitted that I had my second-best pair of boots in my trunk. And my predecessor had left two hard hats on the bookshelf. A good archaeologist is always prepared. And, therefore, I was sent out into the field to dig.
Most people think all archaeologists do is dig. (I was in Nevada doing nothing but hiking through the desert for about 5 months before I broke T of the habit of telling people I was on a dig.) But, to be honest, digging is a smaller part of what we get to do. We spend a lot of time surveying, and a lot of time in the lab or at the computer analyzing and writing up what we find, but it had literally been 3 years since I have put a shovel in the soil. So I was pretty happy to discover that my dig kit was still in the trunk, and to go out and do one of my favorite kinds of archaeology.
I followed my coworkers down to the river, and went to see what we would be digging. The city was rehabilitating a section of the river and the bike path that went along it, so my company had been monitoring that project for several months. Basically, we wanted to be there while they worked, in case they found anything unusual. An archaeologist stands and watches the guys with backhoes and excavators and whatnot work, and occasionally has the excavator dig a trench in a particular spot so we can see what is below the surface there before it is completely obliterated. And what we had been finding all along the river was trash. Big dumps, little dumps, but lots and lots of old trash that had been buried. There are tons of little abandoned houses in the area, and before there was trash pickup, people used to just throw things in their yards, or burn it, or bury it. So that's what we had been finding.
Just outside of the area where the construction was going on, someone else decided to use the long holiday weekend to go bottle hunting. And did they find the motherload! There were several test pits, and one huge hole at the end of a sidewalk that was filled with nothing but broken bottles. And, since it had been disturbed and could be destroyed by more bottle hunters in the future, we needed to salvage what information we could possibly get about it. So we were going to dig.
Archaeologists like to dig square holes, because it helps us quantify how much we are finding. Let's say, you have a dump that is 50 feet across. We are not going to excavate the whole thing. But if we excavate two holes that measure 1 meter on each side, and count what we find in each of those holes, then we can start talking about the volume of stuff we find within each cubic meter. We also like to dig in layers that are all the same thickness. That way, if you have multiple layers that were deposited at different times, you will see different artifacts in the 10-20 centimeter layer than you see in the 30-40 centimeter layer, which can help you tell how long a site was used for and by whom. And everything that we dig out of one of these square holes, called a unit, gets put through a mesh screen so that we can get the dirt out and see what else is there.
In this case, we decided to start by digging a trench, 2 meters long but only 50 centimeters wide. That way we could look at a wide cross-section of the dump, but the narrower trench would be easier to finish quickly. All good, in theory. But 50 cm isn't much wider than, say, your average pair of hips. And when you are digging through a bottle dump, you end up with glass shards sticking out of the sides of your trench. Not much fun. Plus, there was very little dirt mixed in with the glass, so there was nothing to hold everything together. So you are trying to dig straight down, with straight walls, and make sure nothing from layer 10-20 cm ends up in layer 30-40 cm, but every time you brush the side of the trench, the wall caves in and glass showers down to the bottom. And we didn't hit the bottom until we had dug a meter (over 3 feet) below the surface. Not very fun.
Digging is hard work, so we worked in pairs and took turns, digging one level and then screening the next. But even when you are screening it's hard work. You are lifting large buskets of broken glass up to waist height and running them through a screen with your hands (we all wore gloves). Even with gloves, I ended up with a few fingers wrapped in bandaids. Also, one of the goals was to estimate the number of bottles in our units. Since you can break a single bottle into a million pieces, just counting the pieces of glass wouldn't work. But each bottle has only one top, and one bottom. Add to that the fact that there are differences in lip styles and maker's marks to help you identify and date the bottles, and counting these guys was the way to go. We screened every bucket, pulled out the bases and the tops (aka "finishes"), and when we were done with each level we tallied the number of pieces we had, divided up by glass color, mark, and other distinguishing features. It took for-freaking-ever. And there was absolutely no change in the kinds of bottles we found from top to bottom.
Once our first trench was finished, we needed to know more about how the bottles changed as we moved across the dump, as well as where the dump ended. So we staked out a line that ran perpindicular to the first trench, and started excavating every-other meter along that line. We extended the width of these units from 50 to 75 centimeters, just so we could move around in them a little as we dug. Fortunately, these units got shallower the further we got from the first trench. This is what you would expect, if someone dug a shallow pit to dump all of these bottles into. The sides taper upwards gently from the center, and so we have to dig a little less each time. To make things go a little faster, we also decided to dig in 20 cm levels. But we still saw essentially the exact same bottles all the way to the edge of the dump.
Even once we were finished with those units, we only had a sense of where one edge of the dump was, relative to a point somewhere in the middle. As I said, our first trench was right up against the end of a sidewalk, so we couldn't really keep going straight out the other side. What we did instead was dig a series of small test pits, basically just a hole big enough around to get your shovel into. We used these to see how far down the glass started, and how far away from the trench it went. As it turned out, it was a really big dump, and we had to dig five or six of these little test pits in three different directions to figure it all out.
All of this work took the better part of four days. The last few days, we had firefighters sharing the street with us and the construction guys. They were using the abandoned houses in the area for training, mostly practicing cutting into the roofs (vertical ventilation training), but I also saw them haul a hose into one of the buildings and turn the water on. The funniest part was, while I was really curious about what they were doing (T used to be a firefighter back in the day and has great stories to tell), I basically couldn't get a word in edgewise, since they were all so curious about what we were doing!
Not to mention, we were working among abandoned houses that homeless folks use to camp out, and along the bike path, so we constantly had different people coming by and asking what on earth we were doing. That was ok, since educating the public is kind of part of what we try to do. We had three young teenaged kids come by one day, asking a lot of questions and looking completely mystified about the point of what we were doing. Finally, one of them asked, somewhat incredulously, "They pay you to do this?" I tended to emphasize the fact that virtually all of the bottles were broken, in case anyone decided they wanted to try some excavations themselves. Even so, when we came back the third morning, someone had obviously been doing some exploring of their own overnight, and had been kind enough half-fill one of the smaller units that we weren't finished digging.
By the time we finished this morning, I had definitely learned one thing. I am old an out of shape! Just about every muscle in my body hurts, I have cuts all over my hands, bruises all over my legs and arms from bracing the screen and dumping the buckets in, raw spots on my hands from digging with shovels, trowels, and rock hammers, and I have been completely wiped at the end of each day. But even with the frustration and tedium of digging through a solid meter of glass, I still had a hell of a good time. *smile*
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